Bittersweet economy Cider Apples in bulk Tonne machine Harvested ... Price is Ex Farm. Please contact us if you would like to quote for a bulk delivery. Harry ...Generally, hard cider and apple wine are relatively low alcohol and quite dry. The yeasts consume most of the available sugars, leaving a dry beverage that’s around 7% alcohol. Ice wine is a bit different. It starts by freezing either apples or apple cider to concentrate their sugars. The apples may be allowed to freeze on the tree, and then ...The cider research program was established at WSU Mount Vernon NWREC in 1979 with six cider apple varieties, and today we have more than 65 varieties and are evaluating cultivar performance, orchard establishment, and management practices. Our world-renowned foundational cider course is being offered via online delivery, learn more on …Oct 30, 2023 · Step 1 In a large stockpot over medium heat, add apples, oranges, spices, and brown sugar. Cover with water by at least 2”. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer, covered, 2 hours. Step 2 ... Making homemade apple cider has been a hobby enjoyed for years, grandparents took great pleasure in making it and so did their grandparents!. There is no need to be dismayed at all the apples that are falling from your apple tree, far from it.Grab a bucket and get ready to learn all about pressing apples to make cider rather than …David Sipes: "Because apples are harvested in the fall and cider is made year-round, the apples are pressed into a juice that captures the apple flavor at the just-picked peak of ripeness and can be used year-round for cider making. When we concentrate the juice, we concentrate the flavor by removing water to create a stable, …Aug 21, 2022 ... Climate change apple. It took 18 years but the world's first climate change resistant apple has been commercially developed and could be grown ... Harrison is one of the most beloved sharp cider apples in the American cider tradition. Sweet. Almost any sweet dessert apple could potentially be used to raise the sugar levels of your cider blend. Three varieties recommended by Dr. Ian Merwin of Black Diamond Cider are Belle de Boskoop, Novaspy, and St. Edmund’s Russet. “Crossover” Apples Apples and Orchards. Cider can be made from any type of apple. In the South East of England, ciders have historically been made with eating apples, as these were grown …Equipment Needed to Make Hard Cider. Below are the 10 pieces of equipment you’ll need for making hard cider, with the apple press included. Sharp knife – for quartering washed apples.; Food processor – to pulp the apples.; Apple press – to squash out the juice from the pulp.; Fermentation bucket with lid – for storing the liquid …There are essentially 2 simple ways to make cider. One is to add campden tablets to the juice to remove any bad bacterial that may spoil the whole batch. Then 24 hours later, add cider yeast. The alternative …Debunking the health benefits of apple cider vinegar. More people are using apple cider vinegar for weight loss but is it really helping?Cider apple varieties. More topics in this section. The fifteen cider varieties with a reasonable history in Australia are: Breakwell's Seedling. Brown Snout. Brown's Apple. Bulmer's Norman. Dabinett. Improved Foxwhelp.The Godfather of all cider apples, this classic English variety produces a 'bittersweet' juice and is one of the most reliable and easy cider varieties to grow. Testament to its patriarchal status, the Dabinett can be used all by itself to produce a single-varietal, full-bodied medium-dry cider.It's also a beauty to blend.Use it in our Maple Chai Apple Pie, Apple Cider Pulled Pork, and Chai Lattes and Hot Caramel Apple Cider, just to name a few! If you’re looking for warm cider, try out our Best Slow-Cooker Mulled Cider! Boiled Cider. Pour apple cider into a very large, non-reactive stockpot (stainless steel, copper, or glass, but NOT aluminum unless … In England cider need only contain 35% apple juice, and that juice can be apple concentrate from anywhere in the world. Fortunately, alongside the increase in interest in branded ciders, there has also been more interest in "real" cider, and there are many small-scale grower/producers working in a very similar way to the new wave of American ... In the county synonymous with cider apples, volunteers can enjoy a mini-break while helping with the autumn harvest. Sarah Baxter. Mon 11 Oct 2021 02.00 EDT Last modified on Tue 9 Nov 2021 07.37 EST.Feb 4, 2019 · There are essentially 2 simple ways to make cider. One is to add campden tablets to the juice to remove any bad bacterial that may spoil the whole batch. Then 24 hours later, add cider yeast. The alternative way is to not add campden or yeast, and leave the juice to do its own thing. We offer cider apple trees on two rootstocks: MM106 – moderate vigour & M25 – vigorous. Trees are available as bare-rooted one year ‘maiden’ trees. Cider apples require a pollination partner. Each variety has a flowering period through May. A variety can be pollinated by another of the same flowering period or one to either side.The cider research program was established at WSU Mount Vernon NWREC in 1979 with six cider apple varieties, and today we have more than 65 varieties and are evaluating cultivar performance, orchard establishment, and management practices. Our world-renowned foundational cider course is being offered via online delivery, learn more on … The apple varieties that we generally find in stores and that are used for the making of modern-style ciders include McIntosh, Golden and Red Delicious, Goldrush, Honeycrisp, Cortland, Idared, Jonagold, Granny Smith, Gala, and Fuji. None of these varieties are considered cider apples—they are strictly table, dessert, or cooking apples. Apple cider can be canned in a boiling water bath canner: Sterilize jars by placing right side up on rack in boiling water canner. Fill the canner and jars with hot (not boiling) water to 1 inch above the tops of the jars. Boil 10 minutes. If cider has cooled, heat to simmering. Pour into the hot, sterile jars and process in a boiling water ...From a cider perspective, his pièce de résistance appeared in 1811. Entitled Pomona Herefordiensis, it was the first published account of native cider apple varieties. It contained descriptions ...Rocquette Cider Apple Sauce. Ingredients. 4-6 medium sized Bramley apples 300ml Rocquette Cider Knob of butter 3 cloves ½ tsp mixed spice 1 tbsp vinegar 2-3 tsp sugar (more or less to taste) Method. Core, peel, and roughly chop your apples and place in a saucepan. Add the Rocquette Cider, butter, cloves and mixed spice and simmer for 10 …Apple has launched its online Apple Store in Vietnam, expanding business in what is quickly becoming a key overseas market. Apple launched its online Apple Store in Vietnam on Thur...Many different types of alcohol can be mixed with apple cider, including rum, whiskey, cinnamon schnapps, Grand Marnier, Jagermeister, bourbon, vodka or brandy. Other popular ingre...Apple cider is a delicious drink, and apple cider vinegar is said to be the cure for many things. Both types of apple cider are nutritious, and they are basically the same. Both made from apples, they are remarkably similar and yet also have a few differences. The juice is from freshly pressed whole, crushed apples.Sep 13, 2022 · Simmer & Mash. Place the stock pot over the high heat until it begins to boil, and then cover and reduce the heat to a simmer. Allow all the ingredients to slowly simmer for about 2 hours, or until the apples becomes extremely soft and tender. Using a large wooden spoon, mash the apples against the side of the pot. Bring a pot of your preferred canning liquid to a boil (see note below on canning liquids). 5. Remove apple slices from water and drain off any excess liquid. 6. Carefully add the apple slices to the boiling canning liquid and cook for 5 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the apples are heated through.The pommace is then transferred into a press, where it is put under immense pressure to slowly extract as much juice as possible. Good, firm cider apples can ...Apple cider is a tasty drink comprised of freshly pressed apples, often served infused with spices such as cinnamon, anise, allspice, nutmeg, and cloves. Just …Cider apples with higher levels of tannin are known as ‘bittersweet’ or ‘bittersharp’ and those with lower levels of tannin are sweets and sharps. Don’t despair home brewers you can also use eating (dessert) apples, which are a little more on the sweet side, or cooking (culinary) apples that are a little more acidic. ...Brown's cider apple is a fragrant bittersharp variety first noted in Devon, England around the 1900's. Average size apples with dark red skin and white ...A medium dry Pyder that is golden amber in colour. Made using our crisp Somerset apple cider and our fresh tasting perry, resulting in a refreshing drink which is packed full of flavour with a fairly dry texture. ABV 7.5%. From £13.40. See in Store. Strong & Punchy Fruity & Flavoursome Niche Flavours Perry & Pyders.Mar 3, 2021 · The Godfather of all cider apples, this classic English variety produces a 'bittersweet' juice and is one of the most reliable and easy cider varieties to grow. Testament to its patriarchal status, the Dabinett can be used all by itself to produce a single-varietal, full-bodied medium-dry cider. It's also a beauty to blend. Apple Varieties . Cider makers classify apple varieties into 4 broad categories based on their level of tannin and acid. Many ciders are blends from all four categories, but in a few cases, individual apples have enough balance among these characters to create a single-variety cider – like our Northern Spy Ice Cider. The Ingredients. Apple. The star of the show! Thanks to their juiciness and sweetness, apples provide both liquid and flavor for the cider. Apples also have numerous health benefits, like oodles of fiber and vitamins. Feel …According to Wahlroos, the best way is to add 1-2 teaspoon of ACV to 2 teaspoons of water and the same amount to salads. Dilute it with water and lemon, or …Apple cider vinegar is much more than something to season your favorite salad with. Apple cider vinegar is much more than something to season your favorite salad with. Health exper...Put the pan back over medium heat and pour in apple cider, using a wooden spoon to scrape up any brown bits on the bottom of the pan. Bring the cider to a boil, reduce it by half, then whisk in creme fraiche. Slide the pork medallions, apples and onions back into the skillet and coat them in the sauce.Return the joints to the pan and sprinkle over the Calvados. Carefully set alight with a match and shake the pan gently until the flames subside. Step 3 Add the cider, stock, bay leaf and apple, and bring to the boil. Season. Cover and simmer very gently for 45 minutes to 1 hour until the pheasant is cooked through and the juices run clear.Welcome to The Somerset Cider Brandy Company and Burrow Hill Cider. Our farm sits among 200 acres of cider apple orchards at the base of Burrow Hill in Kingsbury Episcopi, Somerset. Everything we make on the farm is grown in our orchards. Cider has been made here for over 300 years and Somerset Cider Brandy for more than 35 years.Plant growth regulators do not affect biennial bearing of two cider apple cultivars in Vermont, U.S.A. Acta Hortic. 1281, 273-278. Bradshaw, T.L. and Foster, J. 2020. Modified pruning intensity may reduce labor costs and improve profitability of growing dessert apple cultivars for cider production. Acta Hortic. 1281, 243-250. Each Apple Has a Purpose. The principal purpose for the importance and ubiquity of apples was to produce cider. Many varieties were grown for, and tasted best in, a specific application. There were apples grown for culinary and dessert dishes, for drying, for apple butter, for animal fodder, and of course for cider and juice. Place apples, lemon, ginger, cloves, cinnamon sticks and star anise (if using) and brown sugar in a large stock pot. Cover with 12 cups of filtered water. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat to a simmer. Cook for about 1 hour at a gentle simmer, then use a potato masher to break the apples down until they are soft.Welcome to The Somerset Cider Brandy Company and Burrow Hill Cider. Our farm sits among 200 acres of cider apple orchards at the base of Burrow Hill in Kingsbury Episcopi, Somerset. Everything we make on the farm is grown in our orchards. Cider has been made here for over 300 years and Somerset Cider Brandy for more than 35 years.Medaille d’Or (very sweet, high sugar) Virginia Hewes crab apple (small size, great single-varietal cider) Golden Russet (wonderful all-around apple for cider, eating, baking) Esopus Spitzenberg ...Dec 4, 2022 · Apple cider vinegar is commonly used in cooking, but it has also traditionally been used for medicinal purposes. It is believed to have antioxidant, antiviral, and antimicrobial capabilities. Apple cider vinegar has also been studied for its role in lowering blood sugar, treating acne and other skin conditions, and improving heart health. Plant growth regulators do not affect biennial bearing of two cider apple cultivars in Vermont, U.S.A. Acta Hortic. 1281, 273-278. Bradshaw, T.L. and Foster, J. 2020. Modified pruning intensity may reduce labor costs and improve profitability of growing dessert apple cultivars for cider production. Acta Hortic. 1281, 243-250. The cider research program was established at WSU Mount Vernon NWREC in 1979 with six cider apple varieties, and today we have more than 65 varieties and are evaluating cultivar performance, orchard establishment, and management practices. Our world-renowned foundational cider course is being offered via online delivery, learn more on our ... Add apple wedges and sauté, turning occasionally, until tender and golden brown, 5 to 7 minutes. Transfer apples to a plate, then add chicken broth and cider to skillet. Bring to a boil over high ...Apple cider is a delicious drink, and apple cider vinegar is said to be the cure for many things. Both types of apple cider are nutritious, and they are basically the same. Both made from apples, they are remarkably similar and yet also have a few differences. The juice is from freshly pressed whole, crushed apples.Cider apples made up the majority of apple varieties in the United States until the late 19 th and early 20 th century, and were used to make cider liquor. Chapman died of pneumonia either in 1857 or 1859 in Fort Wayne, Indiana where he is buried. His vast properties of apple nurseries went to his sister – many of which were foreclosed to pay ...The use of apple cider vinegar as a home remedy dates back centuries. Over time, it has been used as a cooking ingredient, a cleansing agent, a disinfectant and an ancient remedy f...What Is Apple Cider? Apple cider is a beverage made from fresh apples. It’s typically a bit murky and golden colored (like when you peel an apple and let the inside oxidize), because it’s unfiltered and unpasteurized. However, some apple cider is intentionally pasteurized, as consumers feel safer drinking pasteurized beverages.In the U.S. alone, the hard cider market over the past decade has grown more than 10 times in size, with sales exceeding $1.3 billion in 2017. Taking advantage of this upward trend, Peck has been tapping cider’s full potential to grow New York state’s apple market. “The industry has been booming because cider producers are innovative ...Jonagold. Fresh Eating, Pies, Sauces. Developed through the blending of the Golden Delicious apple and Jonathan apple, Jonagolds are popular because of their sweet tanginess and tart flesh. With a yellow top and a red bottom, this apple is a refreshing snack and perfect for using to create hard cider. Jonathan.Raw apple cider vinegar contains: Acetic acid, which can kill harmful bacteria. ACV is about 5% to 6% acetic acid. Natural probiotics (good bacteria), which can improve your immune system and gut ...There are other popular apple varieties used for cider making, including the Foxwhelp and Kingston Black, but what makes all the difference to the finished taste of the cider is the level of tannin found within them.. All apples contain a level of tannin, these bitter tasting flavour some compounds are naturally produced by the apple and give its …The investment cycle in cider is measured in decades." Propagation began in 1984. The final selection of the 29 varieties was made in 2007, the idea to find fruit with a perfect combination of ...Nov 9, 2018 · Add the apples, oranges, and spices to the bowl of a slow cooker. Then cover with water, leaving about an inch or two of space at the top of the slow cooker. Simmer. Cover and cook the apple cider on low for 6-8 hours, or on high for 3-4 hours, until the apples are completely soft. Mash the apples and oranges. You have some good varieties. I would be careful about Fuji. Although it is a very popular apple to eat, it tends to be bland. Not a good quality in a cider. I ...Ian Merwin, professor plant science emeritus, Cornell University, has about 15 hard cider apple varieties that he would encourage growers to consider. Larsen has about 35 different varieties he’s working with currently. Cider varieties are grouped into bittersweets (with tannins greater than 0.2% and malic acid less than 0.45%), …Place apples, lemon, ginger, cloves, cinnamon sticks and star anise (if using) and brown sugar in a large stock pot. Cover with 12 cups of filtered water. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat to a simmer. Cook for about 1 hour at a gentle simmer, then use a potato masher to break the apples down until they are soft.Dec 4, 2022 · Apple cider vinegar is commonly used in cooking, but it has also traditionally been used for medicinal purposes. It is believed to have antioxidant, antiviral, and antimicrobial capabilities. Apple cider vinegar has also been studied for its role in lowering blood sugar, treating acne and other skin conditions, and improving heart health. Apple cider spoils after six to 30 days, depending on the presence of preservatives, such as potassium sorbate, that extend shelf life. Most commercially-produced cider products, e...Bring a pot of your preferred canning liquid to a boil (see note below on canning liquids). 5. Remove apple slices from water and drain off any excess liquid. 6. Carefully add the apple slices to the boiling canning liquid and cook for 5 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the apples are heated through.We are excited to announce our fourth season of Organic SugarBee® apples! Our 4 th and 5 th generation Organic growers have been hard at work cultivating the trees to produce Organic SugarBee® apples. Look for this special organic packaging in stores now at New Seasons Markets, Metropolitan Markets, Whole Foods and other regional Organic …Each Apple Has a Purpose. The principal purpose for the importance and ubiquity of apples was to produce cider. Many varieties were grown for, and tasted best in, a specific application. There were apples grown for culinary and dessert dishes, for drying, for apple butter, for animal fodder, and of course for cider and juice.Fall. Full bittersweet cider apple. Probably originated in northern Brittany, before 1900. Still known in Mayenne and surrounding areas.Dating back to the 1600s in early America, apple cider was a beverage more common and trusted than water for drinking. Generations later, ciders became more of a staple seasonal drink during holidays. Now, homemade apple cider has regained the popularity it deserves, and growing your own apple trees for making cider is a smart investment.Apple Cider Macros. Total fat : Eight ounces of apple cider has 0 grams of total fat, which includes 0 grams of polyunsaturated fat, 0 grams of monounsaturated fat, 0 grams of saturated fat and 0 grams of trans fat. Carbohydrates : Eight ounces of apple cider has 30 grams of carbs, which includes 1 gram of fiber and 24 grams of ...Each Apple Has a Purpose. The principal purpose for the importance and ubiquity of apples was to produce cider. Many varieties were grown for, and tasted best in, a specific application. There were apples grown for culinary and dessert dishes, for drying, for apple butter, for animal fodder, and of course for cider and juice.Scientific study confirms: apple cider vinegar helps you lose weight. Apple cider vinegar is said to help against bad breath and flatulence. Celebrities like Victoria …Jan 23, 2012 ... If you happen to plant your own in Montana, I'd humbly put my 2 cent vote to Golden Russet and Wickson. Golden Russet doesn't yield a lot of ...Apple Cider Macros. Total fat : Eight ounces of apple cider has 0 grams of total fat, which includes 0 grams of polyunsaturated fat, 0 grams of monounsaturated fat, 0 grams of saturated fat and 0 grams of trans fat. Carbohydrates : Eight ounces of apple cider has 30 grams of carbs, which includes 1 gram of fiber and 24 grams of ...Apple News: This is the News-site for the company Apple on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks1-Packet of yeast for up to 6 gallons juice. Sugar-Amount to be determined by the juice specific gravity (1/4 to 3/8 pound per 1% alcohol increase needed) 2-Campden tablets for each gallon of juice. (1-before fermentation and 1 for after) ½-Teaspoon nutrient or a per package recommendation for each gallon of juice.Sep 26, 2015 · Rinse the apples, cut into quarters, and place in the slow cooker. Add the cinnamon sticks, ground cloves, and sugar. Add just enough water to cover the fruit. Cook on low heat for 6-7 hours. (Or high heat for 3.) After 6-7 hours, the fruit will be very soft. Use a large spoon to mash the fruit and release its liquids. Mar 3, 2024 · Put the rim of the glass into the cinnamon sugar mixture, and then once the glass is rimmed, fill it with ice. Combine the cider and bourbon in a shaker filled with ice. Stir and then strain the ... This data was obtained from apples growing in Virginia and the table is extracted from a paper on Characterization of the Polyphenol Composition of 20 Cultivars of Cider, Processing, and Dessert Apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Grown in Virginia by Katherine A. Thompson-Witrick et al J. Agric. Food Chem., 2014, 62 (41), pp 10181–10191.How to make cider: a simple recipe to try at home - Countryfile.com. The end of summer and the beginning of autumn are prime apple-picking season – make the most of your harvest with this BBC Countryfile Magazine cider recipe.Apple Cider Ingredients. Here's what you'll need to make the best homemade apple cider of your life: Apples: Of course, you'll need apples for homemade apple cider! Water: Use just enough water to …Somersby flavours. Somersby (marketed as Somersby Cider in English speaking countries) is a brand of 4.5% abv cider by Danish brewing company Carlsberg Group.Developed in 2008, it was originally developed for the Danish market, but today has been launched in more than 46 markets, including all of Europe, Israel, Nepal, Australia, …Jul 14, 2022 · Harrison. This American variety has been used in cider-making since the 1700’s! As a result, it is now viewed as a traditional, and even beloved, apple variety for use in cider. The Harrison variety is actually a variety of crab apples that, as with other sharp varieties, is high in acid, low in tannins, and can add a bite to the cider. Dec 26, 2022 · Load the prepared apple into the crusher. When the crusher is full enough transfer the crushed apples to the press and using the handles press the juice from the apples. Then squeeze the juice through a jelly bag to remove any remaining particles. Heat the juice to 160 degrees F. (71 C.) to eliminate any pathogens.
Top five…apples for cider making · Yarlington Mill. *Bittersweet. The prominent apple in our blend. · Kingston Black *Bittersharp · Chisel Jersey *Bittersweet. Sacu credit human
This data was obtained from apples growing in Virginia and the table is extracted from a paper on Characterization of the Polyphenol Composition of 20 Cultivars of Cider, Processing, and Dessert Apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Grown in Virginia by Katherine A. Thompson-Witrick et al J. Agric. Food Chem., 2014, 62 (41), pp 10181–10191.The Ingredients. Apple. The star of the show! Thanks to their juiciness and sweetness, apples provide both liquid and flavor for the cider. Apples also have numerous health benefits, like oodles of fiber and vitamins. Feel …Apple cider vinegar is much more than something to season your favorite salad with. Apple cider vinegar is much more than something to season your favorite salad with. Health exper...Ingredients. 1x 2x 3x · 10 to 12 medium apples cut into quarters (no need to peel or core), use a mix of varieties — Fuji, Gala, Honeycrisp, Granny Smith, ...Mar 3, 2024 · Put the rim of the glass into the cinnamon sugar mixture, and then once the glass is rimmed, fill it with ice. Combine the cider and bourbon in a shaker filled with ice. Stir and then strain the ... Oct 17, 2017 ... Cider apples prefer well-drained, acidic soil (with a pH between 5.0 and 6.8) and perform best in Zones 4 to 7. In Zone 7 or higher, you can ...Apply cider vinegar may help with weight loss if you drink a small amount before meals. Dilute the vinegar in water and drink prior to eating. Most any vinegar works for weight los...Make sure to catch all the juice by placing your catch container where the liquid will drain. 6. Add apples to the fruit grinder. Toss the apples and turn the hand crank. The grinder will mash the apples into the mesh-lined bucket for pressing. 7. Press the pomace. First, add the pressing lid to the top of the pomace.Below, you will find over 9 apple cider varieties based on the apple category and variety they are derived from. Table of Contents. Sharps. Sharp apples are those …Place the apples in the baking dish with apple cider or apple juice, plus and a little brandy if you’d like. Bake until fork tender. Serve warm with whipped cream or vanilla ice cream. Tips For Prepping the Apples . It’s nice to have melon baller and/or apple corer around when you need one. Remove the top of the apple plus 1/2 inch of the ...Credit: @seminaryhillny on Instagram The secret ingredient to well-crafted cider is delicious apples and New York has some of the greatest (there’s a reason we’re called the Big Apple!). In fact, New York is the largest producer of hard cider in the country and the second-largest apple-producing state. With more than 40 different apple …Jan 23, 2012 ... If you happen to plant your own in Montana, I'd humbly put my 2 cent vote to Golden Russet and Wickson. Golden Russet doesn't yield a lot of ...Not all 'true' cider apples necessarily produce 'vintage quality'. The cultivar 'Michelin', which is widely planted for cidermaking in Hereford and Somerset, is a good example of this. As a sort of 'Golden Delicious' of the cider world, it is easy to grow and to process but provides mere bulk without any distinction. A list of high quality ...How to make cider: a simple recipe to try at home - Countryfile.com. The end of summer and the beginning of autumn are prime apple-picking season – make the most of your harvest with this BBC Countryfile Magazine cider recipe.Pour caramel vodka and apple cider into the cocktail shaker. Then pour the shaken apple cider cocktail into the glass filled with ice. The caramel vodka apple cider cocktail is that easy to make. You will want to go ahead and stock up on caramel vodka and apple cider. Now you know how another night as a farmwife has gone down.The Whizbang Apple Grinder and Cider Press; While effective for small-scale cidermaking–and quite a lot of fun–anyone who’s used a hand-crank press to grind multiple bushels of apples can tell you that it’s quite labor intensive. So, for large hobbyist projects or for commercial production, you’ll need to at least consider an electric ...The first consideration is to properly define ‘cider apples’. A simple definition is ‘apples used to make cider’. Growers should then carefully consider the economic and management impacts of producing cider apples. Some of those considerations include: cidery demand; current market supply; and orchards design management factors. This ....